). North and South hemispheric sunspot numbers (13-month smoothed values) over the last 6 cycles. Some sunspot facts: • Sunspots are dark, cooler areas on the Sun’ s surface that indicate areas of strong magnetic activity • They appear dark only because they are not as hot or bright as the area surrounding them (4,000 degrees C. vs. 6,000 degrees C.) • Sunspots … The relative sunspot number is defined as R = K (10g + s), where g is the number of sunspot groups and s is the total number of distinct spots. Let™s go to the next level and compare smoothed solar flux to smoothed sunspot number (smoothed solar flux is calculated in the same way as the smoothed sunspot number). The Boulder number is usually about 25% higher than the other official index, the "International Sunspot Number," published daily by the Sunspot Index Data Center in Belgium. Figure 1 shows the estimate of sunspots since 1600 prepared by Hoyt and Schatten. Two things are very obvious from this chart. The new (Version 2.0) sunspot numbers are unweighted sunspot number counts. without to forget the Effective Sunspot Number or SSNe calculated from real-time foF2 observations. Sunspots vary in their size and simply counting the number of spots is a bit inconsistent.
The one shown below is the sunspot number R. This is calculated from the number of groups and the number spots seen each day. The values in the smoothed 10.7 cm solar flux table are derived from daily 10.7 cm solar flux values adjusted to 1 Astronomical Unit (A.U. The average value from the observations made during each month is then calculated - it is these monthly averages that are shown in the plot. Since the middle of the 18th century sufficient data has been collected to produce systematic records of sunspots. - There is a sunspot number derived from fitting an ionospheric model to ionospheric measurements. This means that a sunspot group which has an area coverage of 1870MH covers 0.187% of the earth-facing solar surface. This is done for July 1999 through June 2001. There are various measurements that can be made by the solar observer. Both the Boulder and the International numbers are calculated from the same basic formula, but they incorporate data from different observatories. Sunspot Number Daily, monthly and 13-month smoothed sunspot numbers for the past 13 years, and 12-month ahead predictions. The upper panel shows the SSNe variation, the third panel provides a goodness-of-fit metric (described below), and the lower panel gives the total number of foF2 observations in each SSNe calculation.
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